Sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining lowalloy steels in. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is a type of hydrogen cracking which presents a cathodic embrittlement mechanism. Sulfide stress cracking ssc cracking usually is designated as either intergranular intercrystalline or transgranular transcrystalline. Sulfide stress cracking, a form of hydrogen embrittlement, first became a serious problem in the oil industry in 1951. Sulfide stress cracking how is sulfide stress cracking abbreviated. Processes or conditions involving wet hydrogen sulfide, i. Stress orientated hydrogen induced cracking sohic is a manifestation of sulfide stress cracking ssc in cmn steels by a mechanism involving the linking of planar cracks normal to.
Sulfidestress cracking is a form of hydrogen stress cracking in which. Sulfide stress cracking mostly occurs in very highly acidic environments. Sulfide stress cracking of pipelinecase history onepetro. Mitigation of sulfide stress cracking in downhole p110. Recent experience has demonstrated the risk of sscc and hic, sometimes known as hydrogen embrittlement he, of low strength steels subject to high residual stress derived from fabrication techniques. Sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining lowalloy. Sulfide stress cracking is a form of hydrogen embrittlement that occurs in highstrength steels and in localized hard zones in weldment of susceptible materials when the environment contains wet h 2 s. Hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking in materials. Sulfide stress cracking of highstrength steels is a problem in handling sour hydrogen sulfide containing crude oil or natural gas.
Iso 151563 will set new restrictions on uns s174000 174ph october 22, 2014 by mariano. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking in lowalloy steel inertia friction. The susceptibility of a high strength low alloy nanostructured steel to sulfide stress corrosion cracking sscc resistance is assessed. Sulfide stress cracking is the worst type of corrosion in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Prior to the sulphide stress cracking tests, some of the samples had been strained to 1% strain in tension. Occasionally, both types of cracking are observed in a failure. It addresses hydrogeninduced cracking of steel weldments, sensitization and subsequent intergranular corrosion of stainless steel weldments, sulfide stress cracking of pipeline steel weldments, microbiologically induced corrosion of weldments, and stresscorrosion cracking of weldments. Amine cracking is often intertwined with wet hydrogen sulfide h 2 s and carbonate cracking, as amines, carbonates and wet sulfides often exist together in amine treating systems. Induced cracking and sulfide stress cracking introduction hydrogeninduced cracking sulfide stress cracking references find. Reliability of dissimilar metal welds subjected to sulfide stress cracking vol. Sulfide stress cracking ssc also known as sour gas cracking sour gas.
Sulfide stress cracking ssc occurs at locations where atomic hydrogen is able to diffuse at sites of high internal stress, such as grain boundaries, inclusions and regions of triaxial stress at notches. Slow strain rate testing was employed to investigate the sulfide stress corrosion cracking sscc behavior of lowcarbon highstrength drill. Sulfide stress cracking ssc of high strength, low alloy steel is a phenomenon of particular concern to the oil and gas industry 3. The resistance to chlorideinduced stress corrosion cracking of uns n08031 was tested on ubend specimens according to astm g 30 for a testing time of 2000 hours. Ssc is a form of spontaneous brittle breakdown in occurring in highstrength alloys and steels when it comes in contact with humid hydrogen sulfide as well as sulfidic atmospheres.
The ssc of medium strength steels has been a continuing source of trouble in the oil fields, and from these troubles has evolved in international standards 6. It can occur when carbonsteel equipment becomes exposed to wet h 2 s service environments, and it can come in several different forms. Wet h 2 s corrosion can be a particularly dangerous form of corrosion because damage caused by it takes place on the interior of. Susceptibility to sohic for linepipepressure vessel. Amine cracking is a form of stress corrosion cracking, which is related to alkaline and carbonate stress corrosion cracking. Coupling failures generally occur as longitudinal splits or cracks in the. Sulfide stress cracking an overview sciencedirect topics. Wet hydrogen sulfide h2s cracking inspectioneering. This term should not be confused with stress corrosion cracking scs, since this is anodic in nature.
The list of acronyms and abbreviations related to ssc sulfide stress cracking. Standard material requirements sulfide stress cracking. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen induced cracking of a216wcc wellhead flow control valve body article pdf available in case studies in engineering failure analysis. For this reason, along with toxicity risks of hydrogen sulfide gas, it is essential that water muds be kept entirely free of soluble sulfides and especially hydrogen sulfide at low ph. Corrosionpedia what is stress corrosion cracking scc. Pdf sulfide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen. Sulfide stress cracking how is sulfide stress cracking. The development of low alloy steels for heavy section wellhead equipment which will be subject to hydrogen sulfide stress corrosion cracking ssc is described. Among the most prone to sulfide stress cracking include valve trim, blowout preventer hard parts and tool joints. Stress corrosion cracking scc or called as environmentally assisted cracking eac may take place at the electrochemical potential range.
Stress corrosion cracking scc is a progressive fracturing that occurs in metals as a result of the combined influence of tensile stress and a corrosive environment. This article is reporting the sulfide stress cracking of stainless steel 410 in annealed condition. Sulfide stress cracking of nickelcontaining lowalloy steels. Structural failure due to scc can be very unpredictablefailure could occur after as little as a few hours of exposure, or the equipment could continue to function normally for. Sulfide stress cracking is a form of hydrogen stress cracking in which. Hydrogen sulphide stress corrosion cracking in materials for.
Constriction stress caused by mold or core excess moldcore strength or sand density 4. Sulfide stress cracking resistant steels for heavy section. The major hazards of h 2 s are its ability to cause rapid damage to health or sudden death due to accidental exposure and metal integrity failure due to general corrosion or cracking. Corrosion control measures include oxygen scavenging with sulfite, inhibition, and use of nonmetallic pipe or use of steel pipe with an organic or cement coating or lining. Low alloy steels, stress corrosion cracking, sulfide stress cracking tagged with. Sulfide stress cracking disambiguation page providing links to topics that could be referred to by the same search term this disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title stress cracking. To check its resistance to scc and ssc, several tests were performed. Tib and mncrmo was evaluated using constant load tensile test.
Induced cracking and sulfide stress cracking request. Amine cracking typically occurs on the surface and the cracks are usually radially. Standard material requirements sulfide stress cracking resistant metallic materials for oilfield equipment contents 1. Sulfide stress cracking ssc vs hydrogen induced cracking hlc posted in refining, hydrocarbons, oil, and gas. It is a complex process that is not completely understood because of the variety and complexity of mechanisms that can lead to embrittlement. Sulfide stress cracking nace mr01752002, mr0175iso 15156. Partial pressure of the h 2 s is determined by multiplying the mole fraction of h 2 s in the gas by the total pressure. It is a progressive type of failure that produces cracking at stress levels that are well below the materials tensile strength. Sulfide stress cracking is prevented by minimizing the hardness and strength of the alloys. Sulfide stress cracking is a function of hydrogen sulfide concentration as low as ppm, hydrogen sulfide partial pressure, stresses, material yield strength, temperature and ph. Baldy used tensile samples loaded at a constant stress in modi.
This revision is a drastic change from its predecessor. As we know that both form of cracking are due to the absorption of atomic hydrogen that is produced by. Brown, a round robin laboratory assessment of hydrogen induced cracking and sulfide stress corrosion cracking of line pipe steelsresults variation and proposals for a. Susceptible alloys, especially steels, react with hydrogen sulfide, forming metal sulfides and atomic hydrogen as corrosion byproducts. Environmental stress cracking can take place through continuous crack growth or via a stepwise progressive mechanism of cracking and arrest, depending on the molecular structure of the plastic, the composition of the chemical agent, the level of stress, and other environmental conditions. Producing wet sour gas presents some of the toughest technical challenges in the oil and gas business. Plastic failure through environmental stress cracking. Sulfide stress cracking is the cracking of a metal under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and hydrogen sulfide a form of hydrogen stress cracking. There are maximum acceptable h 2 s concentration limits in sale quality oil and gas, which require. Sulfide stress cracking nace mr01752002, mr0175iso. Sulfide stress cracking of stainless steel 410 in sour.
Basics of sulfide stress cracking ssc and stress corrosion cracking scc ssc and scc are cracking processes that develop in the presence of water, corrosion and surface tensile stress. We published this article under an openaccess license. Alloys which are commercially available and those which have modified metallurgical structures and. Other factors, such as ph, chloride concentration, and temperature also affect the potential for steel cracking. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking and hydrogen induced. Sulfide stress cracking ssc along with hydrogen embrittlement he prevents the use. Field history the production unit is installed as close to the oil wells as possible and is used to separate gas and water from the crude oil. Sulfide stress corrosion cracking resistance was evaluated as per nace tm017796 method a using cylindrical test piece and a load ring. Sulfide stress cracking is also called hydrogen sulfide cracking, sulfide cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking and. Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, very poisonous, flammable gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.
Corrosionpedia what is sulfide stress cracking ssc. Subsequent improvements in the metallurgy of steels for highpressure gas and oil wells and improved selection methods for highstrength alloys have been based on laboratory test methods. Sulfide stress cracking ssc along with hydrogen embrittlement he prevents the use of less expensive high strength carbon steel alloys in the recovery of fossil fuels in h2s containing sour service environments that are commonly seen in deep well fossil fuel recovery efforts. Sulfide stress crackingnace mr01752002, mr0175iso 15156 651 te c h n i c a l new sulfide stress cracking standard for refineries don bush, principal engineer materials, at emerson process management fisher valves, is a member and former chair of a nace task group that has written a document for refinery applications, nace mr0103. In other words, it can support a stress of 80,000 psi with an elongation of less than 0. It should not be confused with the term stress corrosion cracking which is an anodic cracking mechanism. The stress corrosion cracking behaviour of uns n08031 in. Link to corrigendum together with my colleagues and good friends dr. Sulfide stress crackingresistant drill pipe addresses h2s. Variation and degradation of p110 casing steel mechanical properties, due to sulfide stress cracking ssc in sour environments, was investigated using tensile and impact tests.
Analysis of highcollapse grade p110 coupling failures. The continuous cooling transformation behavior of nine steels was evaluated by dilatometry. An industry value that has been developed is nace mr01. These tests were carried out on specimens, which were pretreated under the following conditions for 168 hours.
Notch tensile slow strain rate testing ntssrt method is used to evaluate the threshold stress intensity values kisscc. Reliability of dissimilar metal welds subjected to sulfide. The applied stress was 70% and 100% of the yield strength ys of the material. Candidate materials for couplings and casings european. Initial theories that ssc was a form of stress corrosion cracking eventually gave way to the current understanding that the phenomenon is caused by hydrogen. H2s partial pressure, 1 mpa and co2 partial pressure, 1 mpa. From the chemical composition point of view, corrosion resistant nickel based alloys are categorized as pure nickel, nickelcopper alloys, nickelmolybdenum alloys, nicrmo alloys and nicrfemo alloys. Ricker, national institute of standards and technology stress corrosion cracking scc is a term used to describe service failures in engineering materials that occur by slow, environmentally induced crack propagation.
Hydrogen induced cracking of low strength steels in. Stress corrosion cracking on the outside of a pipe from aisi 316 stainless steel. Both the tool joints are gen erally made of quenched and tempered. Sulfide stress cracking ssc vs hydrogen induced cracking. Hydrogen embrittlement he also known as hydrogen assisted cracking hac and hydrogeninduced cracking hic, describes the embrittling of metal after being exposed to hydrogen. Liquid metal crackinglmc, usually a physicochemical process. Stress corrosion cracking behavior of nickel base alloys. Sulfide stress cracking test for material grades in c90 or t95 size tolerances, od, wall thickness, length and straightness threads control, threads quantity per inch, threads angle etc premium threads option will be more rigorous heat treatment additional markings material certification product specification level psl2 or psl3. Sulfide stress cracking ssc is a form of hydrogen embrittlement which is a cathodic cracking mechanism. Sulfide stress crackingresistant drill pipe addresses h2s challenges. Low meltpoint phases in the interdendritic regions usually due to high sulfur, or type ii sulfide inclusions high pouring temperatures. The letter in conjunction with the number designates parameters such as the maximum yield strength and the minimum ultimate strength which for l80 pipe are 95,000 psi.